Solid dosage forms of (s)-ethyl 2-amino-3-(4-(2-amino-6-((r)-1-(4-chloro-2-(3-methyl-1h-pyrazol-1-yl)phenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)pyrimidin-4-yl)phenyl)propanoate

ABSTRACT

Solid pharmaceutical dosage forms comprising (S)-ethyl 2-amino-3-(4-(2-amino-6-((R)-1-(4-chloro-2-(3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)phenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)pyrimidin-4- yl)phenyl)propanoate (telotristat) are disclosed, as well as methods of making them and compositions useful in their manufacture.

This application claims priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No.13/652,527, filed Oct. 16, 2012, which claims priority to U.S.provisional patent application No. 61/547,894, filed Oct. 17, 2011, theentiries of which is incorporated herein by reference.

1. FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to solid pharmaceutical dosage forms of (S)-ethyl2-amino-3-(4-(2-amino-6-((R)-1-(4-chloro-2-(3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)phenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)pyrimidin-4-yl)phenyl)propanoate(telotristat).

2. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The compound (S)-ethyl2-amino-3-(4-(2-amino-6-((R)-1-(4-chloro-2-(3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)phenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)pyrimidin-4-yl)phenyl)propanoate(telotristat) is an inhibitor of tryptophan hydroxylase, the enzymeresponsible for the rate-limiting step in biosynthesis of5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin). See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 7,709,493. Thecompound is believed to be useful in the treatment of diseases anddisorders associated with abnormal levels of serotonin, such asdiarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome and carcinoid syndrome.Unfortunately, telotristat's physicochemical properties make itsincorporation into a commercially viable dosage form difficult.

Telotristat hydrolyzes when contacted with water. Dosage formscomprising it must, therefore, limit this degradation as much aspossible, and must be made using methods that limit the compound'sexposure to moisture. The poor flowability of telotristat's crystallinehippurate salt (telotristat etiprate) further complicates themanufacture of dosage forms comprising it. Further adding to the problemis the desire to provide single unit dosage forms that contain at least100 mg of the compound, and that rapidly release it upon oraladministration.

In view of these factors, a need exists for solid dosage forms oftelotristat that can be stored at typical temperatures and humiditylevels for a commercially viable period of time, and for methods oftheir manufacture. Preferred dosage forms should be capable of rapidlydelivering the compound upon oral administration. A particular needexists for a rapid release tablet formulation of telotristat with goodchemical stability, satisfactory oral bioavailability, goodprocessability, and high drug loading.

3. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

This invention is directed to solid dosage forms of telotristat.Particular dosage forms are tablets made with the hippurate salt oftelotristat (telotristat etiprate).

One embodiment of the invention encompasses a tablet suitable foradministration to a patient comprising at least 100, 200, or 300 mg ofan active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), which tablet has adisintegration time of less than 10, 5.0, 2.3, 2.0, or 1.8 minutes inwater, wherein the API is telotristat or a pharmaceutically acceptablesalt thereof.

Another embodiment encompasses a tablet suitable for administration to apatient comprising at least 100, 200, or 300 mg of an API based on freebase, which tablet comprises a coating and has a disintegration time ofless than 5.5, 4.5, or 4.0 minutes in water, wherein the API istelotristat or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

Another embodiment encompasses a tablet having a core consistingessentially of telotristat hippurate, lactose, hyrdroxy propylcellulose, croscarmellose sodium, magnesium stearate, and silicondioxide.

Another embodiment encompasses a tablet comprising telotristat or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, which forms less than 1.0, 0.8or 0.5 percent(S)-2-amino-3-(4-(2-amino-6-((R)-1-(4-chloro-2-(3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)phenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)pyrimidin-4-yl)phenyl)propanoicacid when stored at about 40° C. and about 75% relative humidity for sixmonths.

Another embodiment encompasses a tablet comprising telotristat or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, which forms less than 0.5 or0.4 percent(S)-2-amino-3-(4-(2-amino-6-((R)-1-(4-chloro-2-(3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)phenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)pyrimidin-4-yl)phenyl)propanoicacid when stored at about 40° C. and about 75% relative humidity forthree months.

Another embodiment encompasses a granule comprising telotristatetiprate, lactose, hydroxyl propyl cellulose, croscarmellose sodium,magnesium stearate, and silicon dioxide.

Another embodiment encompasses a method of making a tablet, whichcomprises: combining granules comprising intragranular ingredients withat least one extragranular ingredient, and compressing the granules toprovide a tablet; wherein the intragranular ingredients comprisetelotristat or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, magnesiumstearate, and lactose; and at least one extragranular ingredient islactose.

4. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

Certain aspects of the invention can be understood with reference to theappended figures.

FIG. 1 shows an X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) pattern of a crystallineform of telotristat. The diffractogram was obtained using a RigakuMiniFlex diffractometer (copper Kα radiation).

FIG. 2 provides an XRPD pattern of a crystalline form of telotristatetiprate. The diffractogram was obtained using a Bruker D8 Advance(copper Kα radiation).

FIG. 3 shows the effects of temperature, humidity and time on theformation of the hydrolysis product(S)-2-amino-3-(4-(2-amino-6-((R)-1-(4-chloro-2-(3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)phenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)pyrimidin-4-yl)phenyl)propanoicacid in different dosage forms of telotristat.

5. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

This invention is directed to solid pharmaceutical dosage forms in whichan active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) is (S)-ethyl2-amino-3-(4-(2-amino-6-((R)-1-(4-chloro-2-(3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)phenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)pyrimidin-4-yl)phenyl)propanoate(telotristat):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. The compound, its saltsand crystalline forms can be obtained by methods known in the art. See,e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 7,709,493.

Particular dosage forms comprise crystalline telotristat freebase. Oneform of this compound has a melting point of about 104° C. as determinedby differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) (onset temperature). As usedin connection with DSC temperatures, the term “about” means ±3° C. Thisform provides an X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) pattern that containspeaks at about 10.7, 12.2, 12.8, 17.7 and/or 22.0 degrees 2θ. As used inconnection with XPRD peaks, the term “about” means ±0.3 degrees 2θ. Asthose skilled in the art are well aware, the relative intensities ofpeaks in an XRPD pattern of a crystalline material can vary depending onhow the sample is prepared and how the data is collected. With this inmind, an example of an XRPD pattern of this crystalline form is providedin FIG. 1.

Particular dosage forms comprise the hippurate salt of telotristat(telotristat hippurate; telotristat etiprate). A particular crystallineform of this salt has a melting point of about 142° C. (DSC onsettemperature, with a peak at about 147° C.). A particular crystallineform provides an XRPD pattern that contains peaks at about 8.2, 9.5,12.6, 16.9, 21.8, 22.0, 22.7, 24.3 and/or 29.1 degrees 2θ. An example ofan XRPD pattern of this form is provided in FIG. 2.

When contacted with water, telotristat can hydrolyze to form(S)-2-amino-3-(4-(2-amino-6-((R)-1-(4-chloro-2-(3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)phenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)pyrimidin-4-yl)phenyl)propanoicacid. Preferred dosage forms of this invention minimize thisdegradation.

FIG. 3 shows the difference between two tablets of theinvention—formulations 6 and 8, described in the examples below—and acapsule dosage form that was used in human Phase 1 and 2 clinicaltrials. The capsules contained a mixture of 250 mg telotristat and 2%magnesium stearate. Both tablet formulations are clearly more stablethan the capsule formulation.

The bioavailability of an API can greatly depend on the formulation inwhich it is delivered to a patient. Here, tablets that rapidlydisintegrate when administered to a patient are desired. Particularnon-coated tablets of this invention have a disintegration time of lessthan 2.3, 2.0, or 1.8 minutes in water, or less than 4.0, 3.0, or 2.7minutes in 0.1 N HCl. Particular—film coated tablets of the inventionhave a disintegration time of less than 5.5, 4.5, or 4.0 minutes inwater, or less than 5.4, 5.0, or 4.8 minutes in 0.1 N HCL. As usedherein, the term “disintegration time” refers to disintegration time in100 mL of purified water or 0.1 N HCL as measured according to test USP<701>. The disintegration of a tablet can be affected by thedisintegrants it contains. Examples of disintegrants include alginates,celluloses, croscarmellose sodium, crospovidone, and sodium starchglycolate. A preferred disintegrant is croscarmellose sodium.

The ability of a tablet to rapidly disintegrate or dissolve must bebalanced, however, with the necessity that the tablet not fall apart inits packaging. Thus, particular tablets of the invention have a hardnessgreater than 8, 9, or 10 kP, and a friability of less than 0.4, 0.3, or0.25 (percent loss).

The hardness and stability of a tablet are affected by the excipients itcontains. The excipients can also affect the ease with which a tablet ismade (e.g., by affecting how well the ingredients from which it is madeflow and compress). Particular tablets of the invention comprisetelotristat etiprate, cellulose, lactose, croscarmellose sodium,magnesium stearate, and silicon dioxide

This invention encompasses methods of making solid dosage forms oftelotristat and salts thereof that limit the compound's exposure towater and address the poor flow properties exhibited by many of itsforms. In a particular embodiment, roller compaction is used to preparea granular material (“granulate”) made of up granules comprising thecompound, which is then combined with additional excipients andcompressed to provide a tablet core. The core is then optionally coatedto increase the stability of the resulting tablet.

Particulate granules comprise telotristat etiprate, hydroxypropylcellulose, lactose, croscarmellose sodium, magnesium stearate, andsilicon dioxide. Preferred granulates flow and compress well, allowingthe ready manufacture of tablets possessing the desired hardness,stability, and disintegration properties described herein.

The solid dosage forms (e.g., tablets) of the invention can be packagedby methods and using containers known in the art. The packaging materialmay form a plurality of divided containers such as a divided bottle or adivided foil packet. The container can be in any conventional shape orform as known in the art which is made of a pharmaceutically acceptablematerial, for example a paper or cardboard box, a glass or plasticbottle or jar with or without desiccant, a re-sealable bag (for example,to hold a “refill” of tablets for placement into a different container),or a blister pack (e.g., Aclar blisters or foil/foil blisters) withindividual doses for pressing out of the pack according to a therapeuticschedule. In a preferred embodiment, tablets are stored in aninduction-sealed HDPE bottle with a desiccant pack.

6. EXAMPLES

6.1. Tablet and Ingredient Characterization

Disintegration testing was performed as per USP <701> using the test foruncoated tables and plain coated tablets. The disintegration wasperformed in 1000 mL purified water or 0.1 N HCL. Disintegrationendpoint was determined visually.

Dissolution was determined in 900 mL of 0.1 N HCL at 37° C. using USPApparatus 2 (paddles) set at 50 rpm. Filtrates of the dissolution testsolution were collected at specific time intervals. The samples wereanalyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using aPhenomenexSynergi 4μ Max-RP column and a mobile phase of 70/30/0.2(v/v/v) methanol/water/phosphoric acid at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. TheHPLC system utilized ultraviolet (UV) detection at a wavelength of 237nm.

Granulation particle size was determined using a sieve method, whereinthe tare weight of each of several sieves (mesh 25, 40, 60, 100, 140,230, and Fines) was recorded, the sieves were stacked in order of thecoarsest sieve on top and the finest on bottom, and approximately 5grams of the granulate material was transferred to the top sieve. Theassembly was secured and placed in an ATM Sonic sifter, the pulseamplitude and sift amplitudes both set to 5. After 5 minutes, theassembly was removed and the individual sieves weighed. Flow propertieswere determined using a J.R. Johanson Flow Indicizer.

6.2. General Tablet Preparation

Tablets comprising 300 mg (measured as free base) of the API telotristatin the hippurate salt form were made in two general steps. First,granules comprising crystalline telotristat etiprate and selectedexcipients (intragranular components) were prepared. The material wascompressed using a roller compactor and milled. The intragranularmaterial was then combined with additional excipients (“extragranularcomponents”), and the resulting mixture was compressed to provide thetablets. In some cases, the tablets were coated.

Batches were prepared by screening all intragranular materials exceptmagnesium stearate through a 20-mesh screen. Components were blended inan appropriately sized V-blender for 10 minutes. Intragranular magnesiumstearate was combined with a portion of the blend and co-screenedthrough a 20-mesh screen. The screened magnesium stearate blend was thencharged into the V-blender and blended for an additional three minutes.The blend was then roller compacted using a Vector TF-Mini rollercompactor with a target ribbon thickness of 1.5 mm. The ribbons weremilled by sequentially oscillating them through a 14-mesh and 20-meshscreen. All extragranular components except magnesium stearate werecombined and screened through a 20-mesh screen. Approximately half ofthe granulation was charged into the V-blender followed by the screenedextragranular components. The remaining half of the granulation wascharged into the V-blender and blended for five minutes. A small portionof the blend was removed and combined with the magnesium stearate andpassed through a 20-mesh screen. The magnesium stearate blend wascharged into the V-blender and blended for an additional three minutes.The final blend was compressed into LX-1606 300-mg tablets. Some batcheswere film coated in a Strea 1 Fluid Bed Coater with Opadry 2 Clear to a4% weight gain.

6.3. Formulation 1

In this example, tablets were made from the ingredients listed below inTable 1:

TABLE 1 Intragranular Components (mg/tablet) API 402.12* Citric Acid,Anhydrous 83.79 Lactose, Anhydrous 90.77 Hydroxy Propyl Cellulose 34.91Croscarmellose Sodium 20.95 Magnesium Stearate 3.49 ExtragranularComponents (mg/tablet) Lactose, Anhydrous 34.28 Croscarmellose Sodium20.95 Colloidal Silicon Dioxide 3.49 Magnesium Stearate 5.24 Core TabletTotal 700.0 *Equivalent to 300 mg telotristat free base

First, the intragranular components were mixed and roller compacted witha roller pressure of 70 kg/cm². The ribbons were 0.99-1.42 mm inthickness. A bench-top ribbon disintegration test was performed byplacing a one inch section of ribbon in a beaker containingapproximately 500 mL of DI water and allowed to disintegrate. The ribbondisintegrated in 12.5 minutes. Inspection of the roller compactorrollers indicated that some sticking had occurred. Ribbons were milledby oscillating sequentially through a 14-mesh and 20-mesh screen. Thegranulation was blended with extragranular components and physical testswere performed. The granules flowed poorly, and the initial tabletsexhibited weight variations and low average tablet weight. Striationsand chipping were also observed on the first tablets produced. Initialtablets also failed a friability test loss limit of 0.8%, yet stickingprevented the compression forces from being increased to improve thefriability. These problems were addressed by increasing theextragranular magnesium stearate by 0.25%, and blended with theremaining blend (the amount of magnesium stearate shown in Table 1reflects this additional amount). The resulting final blend wascompressed into tablets (0.300″×0.680″ capsule shaped tooling). Nofurther sticking was observed.

Characteristics of the granulation and tablets are shown below in Table2:

TABLE 2 Approximate Ribbon Disintegration Time (min) 12.5 Bulk Density(g/mL) 0.6644 Tapped Density (g/mL) 0.886 Average Flow Rate Index(kg/sec) 0.511 Core Hardness Range (kP) 8.1-12.0 Average Core Weight (g)0.679 Average Tablet Thickness (mm) 5.65 Tablet Friability (% loss) 0.3The tablets' dissolution properties are shown below in Table 3:

TABLE 3 Time (min) % Drug Released 10 50.7 20 81.6 30 94.6 45 98.2 6098.2

6.4. Formulation 2

In this example, tablets were made from the ingredients listed below inTable 4:

TABLE 4 Intragranular Components (mg/tablet) API 403.13 Citric Acid,Anhydrous 84.00 Microcrystalline Cellulose 89.25 Hydroxy PropylCellulose 35.00 Croscarmellose Sodium 28.00 Magnesium Stearate 5.25Extragranular Components (mg/tablet) Microcrystalline Cellulose 18.62Croscarmellose Sodium 28.00 Colloidal Silicon Dioxide 3.50 MagnesiumStearate 5.25 Core Tablet Total 700.0

First, the intragranular components were mixed and roller compacted witha roller pressure of 45 kg/cm². The ribbon thicknesses ranged from1.16-1.46 mm. Bench-top ribbon disintegration test resulted in adisintegration time of 3 minutes. Some sticking was noted during theroller compaction of the blend. The ribbons were milled by oscillatingsequentially through a 14-mesh and 20-mesh screen. The ribbons were hardand more difficult to mill. Approximately 0.75% of the batch did notpass through the oscillator. The granulation was blended withextragranular components and physical tests were performed. Granulationexhibited poor flow characteristics, although the compression wasmanageable. Some sticking to tablet punches was observed initiallyduring compression, which subsided after the punches were cleaned. Thetablets exhibited a dull appearance, which did not improve when thecompression force was increased.

6.5. Formulation 3

In this example, tablets were prepared using the ingredients listedbelow in Table 5:

TABLE 5 Intragranular Components (mg/tablet) API 403.13 Citric Acid,Anhydrous 84.00 Microcrystalline Cellulose 89.25 Hydroxy PropylCellulose 35.00 Crospovidone 28.00 Magnesium Stearate 5.25 ExtragranularComponents (mg/tablet) Microcrystalline Cellulose 18.62 Crospovidone28.00 Colloidal Silicon Dioxide 3.50 Magnesium Stearate 5.25 Core TabletTotal 700.0

The mixture of intragranular components was roller compacted with aroller pressure of 50 kg/cm². The ribbon thicknesses ranged from1.40-1.90 mm. Bench-top ribbon disintegration test resulted in anundesirable disintegration time of 11 minutes. Some sticking wasobserved during the roller compaction process. The ribbons were similarto Formulation 2 and were difficult to mill. Granulation was blendedwith extragranular components and physical tests were performed. Thegranulation exhibited poor flow, and some rat-holing was observed in thehopper during compression, which was overcome by agitating the hopper.Tablet compression was completed with no observable problems. However,tablet disintegration testing in water and 0.1N HCL resulted indisintegration times significantly longer than those observed the otherformulations, suggesting that in these formulations, crospovidone is aless effective disintegrant than croscarmellose sodium.

6.6. Formulation 4

In this example, granules were prepared using the ingredients listedbelow in Table 6:

TABLE 6 Intragranular Components (mg/tablet) API 403.13 Citric Acid,Anhydrous 84.00 Mannitol 44.45 Microcrystalline Cellulose 44.80 HydroxyPropyl Cellulose 35.00 Crospovidone 28.00 Magnesium Stearate 5.25Because the disintegration tests run on the ribbons made from thismixture showed a disintegration time of 11 minutes, further work on thisformulation was not done.

6.7. Formulation 5

In this example, tablets were prepared using the ingredients listedbelow in Table 7:

TABLE 7 Intragranular Components (mg/tablet) API 403.13 Citric Acid,Anhydrous 84.00 Mannitol 44.45 Hydroxy Propyl Cellulose 35.00Croscarmellose Sodium 28.00 Magnesium Stea rate 5.25 ExtragranularComponents (mg/tablet) Microcrystalline Cellulose 18.62 CroscarmelloseSodium 28.00 Colloidal Silicon Dioxide 3.50 Magnesium Stea rate 5.25Core Tablet Total 700.0

The mixture of intragranular components was roller compacted with aroller pressure of 50 kg/cm². The ribbon thickness ranged from 1.37-1.83mm. Bench-top ribbon disintegration time was 1 minute. Minor stickingwas observed throughout the roller compaction process. The granulationwas blended with the extragranular components and physical tests wereperformed. The granulation exhibited poor flow, but tablet compressionwas completed with no observable problems. The formulation was capableof achieving hardnesses exceeding 18 kP. Tablet disintegration testingin water and 0.1N HCL resulted in acceptable disintegration times for animmediate release tablet: 2.0 minutes in water, 4.0-5.25 minutes in 0.1NHCL. However, assay and related substance testing indicated that anunacceptable amount of what is believed to be a hydrolysis product ofthe API increased significantly at the one-month time point when storedat 40° C./75% RH without desiccant. An additional batch of Formulation 5was manufactured, and in this case, the resulting tablets were coatedwith Opadry Clear. The granulation lot was roller compacted with aroller pressure of 50 kg/cm², affording a ribbon thickness ranging from1.24-1.57 mm. Bench-top ribbon disintegration time was 3.25 minutes.Minor sticking to the rollers was observed throughout the rollercompaction process. Blend was also observed to be sticking to the wallsof the hopper and exhibited poor flow. The granulation was blended withthe extragranular components and physical tests were performed. Stickingwas observed after 5 minutes of tablet compression. The punches werecleaned and compression was restarted, but tablet sticking resumedimmediately, suggesting that the granulation may require additionallubrication or increased lubrication time to overcome sticking issues.The resulting tablets were coated to a 4% weight gain. The dissolutionprofile of these tablets was acceptable, although the disintegrationtimes in water and 0.1 N HCL were significantly longer than the uncoatedtablets. Assay and related substance testing indicated that coating thetablet to a theoretical weight gain of 4% decreases the level ofdegradation, a level which is further decreased with the use ofdesiccant.

6.8. Formulation 6

In this example, tablets were prepared using the ingredients listedbelow in Table 8:

TABLE 8 Intragranular Components (mg/tablet) API 403.13 Mannitol 86.45Microcrystalline Cellulose 86.45 Hydroxy Propyl Cellulose 35.00Croscarmellose Sodium 28.00 Magnesium Stearate 5.25 ExtragranularComponents (mg/tablet) Microcrystalline Cellulose 18.97 CroscarmelloseSodium 28.00 Colloidal Silicon Dioxide 3.50 Magnesium Stearate 5.25 CoreTablet Total 700.0

The mixture of intragranular components was roller compacted with aroller pressure of 50 kg/cm². The ribbon thickness ranged from 1.11-1.52mm. Bench-top ribbon disintegration time was 1 minute. Very littlesticking was observed throughout the roller compaction process. Althoughthe granulation exhibited poor flow, it was blended and compressed intotablets, during which some sticking was observed. Tablets exhibited somechipping during friability testing. Dissolution and disintegration timeswere: 1.3-1.5 minutes in water; 1.5-2.8 minutes in 0.1 N HCL. Thesetablets particularly stable (0.23 area percent after 1 month at 40°C./75% relative humidity), and more so when stored with desiccant (0.16area percent after 1 month at 40° C./75% relative humidity).

6.9. Formulation 7

In this example, tablets were prepared using the ingredients listedbelow in Table 9:

TABLE 9 Intragranular Components (mg/tablet) API 403.13 Citric Acid,Anhydrous 84.00 Lactose, Anhydrous 80.50 Hydroxy Propyl Cellulose 35.00Croscarmellose Sodium 28.00 Magnesium Stearate 5.25 ExtragranularComponents (mg/tablet) Lactose, Anhydrous 27.37 Croscarmellose Sodium28.00 Colloidal Silicon Dioxide 3.50 Magnesium Stearate 5.25 Core TabletTotal 700.0

The mixture of intragranular components was roller compacted with aroller pressure of 50 kg/cm². The ribbon thickness ranged from 1.45-1.63mm. Bench-top ribbon disintegration time was 3 minutes. Very littlesticking was observed during roller compaction. Granulation, whichexhibited poor flow, was blended and compressed into tablets. Stickingwas observed on the punch faces and die walls during tablet compression.Chipping was also noted during friability testing. Dissolution anddisintegration times were acceptable, although assay and relatedsubstance testing indicated a significant increase in apparent APIhydrolysis product when stored for one month under acceleratedconditions without desiccant (1.01 area percent after 1 month at 40°C./75% relative humidity). Desiccant decreased the observed level ofhydrolysis product to 0.16.

6.10. Formulation 8

In this example, tablets were prepared using the ingredients listedbelow in Table 10:

TABLE 10 Intragranular Components (mg/tablet) API 403.13 Lactose,Anhydrous 164.50 Hydroxy Propyl Cellulose 35.00 Croscarmellose Sodium35.00 Magnesium Stearate 5.25 Extragranular Components (mg/tablet)Lactose, Anhydrous 27.37 Croscarmellose Sodium 21.00 Colloidal SiliconDioxide 3.50 Magnesium Stearate 5.25 Core Tablet Total 700.0

The mixture of intragranular components was roller compacted with aroller pressure of 55 kg/cm². The ribbon thickness ranged from 1.07-1.52mm. The material processed very well, yielding long ribbons. Bench-topribbon disintegration time was 2.5 minutes. Approximately 2% of theribbons did not pass through the 20-mesh oscillating screen. Granulationwas blended and compressed into tablets. The blend compressed well andno sticking was observed. Some minor picking was observed.

Physical characteristics of the granulation and tablets are shown belowin Table 11:

TABLE 11 Approximate Ribbon Disintegration Time (min) 2.5 Core HardnessRange (kP) 8.5-11.9 Average Core Weight (g) 0.711 Average TabletThickness (mm) 6.03 Tablet Friability (% loss) 0.3

The tablets' disintegration profile was acceptable: uncoated tabletsdisintegrated in 1.8-2.3 minutes in water and 2.7-4.0 minutes in 0.1NHCL; coated tablets disintegrated in 3.1-5.5 minutes in water and4.4-5.4 minutes in 0.1N HCL. The dissolution profile of the tablets isshown below in Table 12:

TABLE 12 Time Mean % Label Claim (min) Uncoated Tablets Coated Tablets10 93.6 84.6 20 98.3 94.7 30 99.5 96.0 45 99.8 96.0

This formulation performed well during the stability study, with littleof the hydrolysis product observed in the uncoated tablets withoutdesiccant (0.39 area percent after 1 month at 40° C./75% relativehumidity), in uncoated tablets with desiccant (0.32 area percent after 1month at 40° C./75% relative humidity), in coated tablets with desiccant(0.31 area percent after 1 month at 40° C./75% relative humidity), inAclar blisters (0.42 area percent after 1 month at 40° C./75% relativehumidity), and in foil/foil blisters(0.39 area percent after 1 month at40° C./75% relative humidity).

6.11. Stability Determination

The stability of tablets was determined by a reverse-phase HPLC-basedmethod employing the following conditions:

Column: Waters XTerra MS C18 (4.6 × 150 mm, 3.5 μm Particle Size) ColumnTemperature: 40° C. Autosampler Temperature: 5° C. Mobile Phase A: 0.05%TFA in Water Mobile Phase B: 0.05% TFA in ACN Flow Rate: 1.0 mL/minuteDetection Wavelength: 254 nm Injection Volume: 5 μL Data AcquisitionTime: 41 minutes Data Output: Ensure Peak is on Scale

The pump program used was:

Time % Mobile % Mobile (min) Phase A Phase B 0 100 0 30 5 95 35 5 95 36100 0 41 100 0

A standard solution was prepared by dissolving telotristat etiprate inTHF with a concentration of approximately 0.25 μg/mL.

Samples were prepared from 300 mg tablets as follows: 1) at least 4tablets were weighed; 2) then crushed using a mortar and pestle; 3) anamount of equivalent to about 50 mg drug substance (i.e., about 117 mg)was weighed and transferred to a 100-mL volumetric flask; 4) thendiluted to about 1/2 to 2/3 volume with diluent (THF); 5) the flask wasthen placed on a shaker for at least 20 minutes at low speed; 6) thevolume was then further diluted with diluent and mixed well; 7) analiquot was centrifuged for about 5 minutes at approximately 3000 RPM;8) an aliquot of the supernate was then withdrawn for injection; 9)steps 3 through 8 were repeated for a total of two replicates forinjection; 10) the average retention time of the API peak was thendetermined for the first six injections of the standard solution; and 2)the ratio of the retention time of any peaks in the sample preparationto the average retention time of the API peak in the first sixinjections of the standard was then calculated.

Potency was determined using the following equation:

API (mg) per tablet=(A _(sample) *W _(total))(RF_(std) *W _(sample) *N_(total))*DF _(sample)

where: A_(sample)=API sample peak area; W_(total)=total weight of thetablets (mg); DF_(sample)=sample dilution volume in mL (100 mL for the300-mg tablets); RF_(std)=standard average response factor (1st 6injections); W_(sample)=Individual sample weight (mg); andN_(total)=Number of tablets used (at least 4). Individual impuritieswere determined as a percent of the total integrated peak area.

All references cited herein (e.g., patents and patent applications) areincorporated herein in their entireties.

What is claimed is:
 1. A tablet comprising telotristat or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, which forms less than 1.0, 0.8or 0.5 percent(S)-2-amino-3-(4-(2-amino-6-((R)-1-(4-chloro-2-(3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)phenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)pyrimidin-4-yl)phenyl)propanoicacid when stored at about 40° C. and about 75% relative humidity for sixmonths.
 2. The tablet of claim 1, which forms less than 0.5 or 0.4percent(S)-2-amino-3-(4-(2-amino-6-((R)-1-(4-chloro-2-(3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)phenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)pyrimidin-4-yl)phenyl)propanoicacid when stored at about 40° C. and about 75% relative humidity forthree months.
 3. A tablet having a core consisting essentially oftelotristat etiprate, lactose, hyrdroxy propyl cellulose, croscarmellosesodium, magnesium stearate, and silicon dioxide.
 4. A bottle comprisinga tablet of any of claims 1-3 and a desiccant.
 5. A granule comprisingtelotristat etiprate, lactose, hydroxyl propyl cellulose, croscarmellosesodium, magnesium stearate, and silicon dioxide.
 6. The granule of claim5, wherein magnesium stearate is present in an amount greater than about3, 4 or 5 weight percent.
 7. The granule of claim 5, wherein thecellulose is hydroxyl propyl cellulose and/or microcrystallinecellulose.
 8. A granulate comprising granules of claim 5, which has anaverage flow rate index of greater than about 0.3, 0.35, or 0.4 kg/sec.9. A method of making a tablet, which comprises: combining granulescomprising intragranular ingredients with at least one extragranularingredient, and compressing the granules to provide a tablet; whereinthe intragranular ingredients comprise telotristat or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof, magnesium stearate, and lactose; and the atleast one extragranular ingredient is lactose.
 10. The method of claim9, wherein the cellulose is hydroxyl propyl cellulose ormicrocrystalline cellulose.
 11. The method of claim 9, wherein theintragranular ingredients further comprise croscarmellose sodium. 12.The method of claim 9, wherein the at least one extragranular ingredientfurther comprises one or more of croscarmellose sodium, colloidalsilicon dioxide, and magnesium stearate.
 13. The method of claim 9,wherein the granules are prepared by milling a ribbon made by rollercompaction of the intragranular ingredients.
 14. The method of claim 9,which further comprises coating the tablet with an enteric coating.